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Reçu aujourd’hui — 17 octobre 2025

Physicists Inadvertently Generated the Shortest X-Ray Pulses Ever Observed

Par :BeauHD
17 octobre 2025 à 10:00
Physicists using SLAC's X-ray free-electron laser discovered two new laser phenomena that allowed them to generate the shortest, highest-energy X-ray pulses ever recorded (60-100 attoseconds). These breakthroughs could let scientists observe electron motion and chemical bond formation in real time. Physicists Uwe Bergmann and Thomas Linker write in an article for The Conversation: In this new study we used X-rays, which have 100 million times shorter wavelengths than microwaves and 100 million times more energy. This meant the resulting new X-ray laser pulses were split into different X-ray wavelengths corresponding to Rabi frequencies in the extreme ultraviolet region. Ultraviolet light has a frequency 100 million times higher than radio waves. This Rabi cycling effect allowed us to generate the shortest high-energy X-ray pulses to date, clocking in at 60-100 attoseconds. While the pulses that X-ray free-electron lasers currently generate allow researchers to observe atomic bonds forming, rearranging and breaking, they are not fast enough to look inside the electron cloud that generates such bonds. Using these new attosecond X-ray laser pulses could allow scientists to study the fastest processes in materials at the atomic-length scale and to discern different elements. In the future, we also hope to use much shorter X-ray free-electron laser pulses to better generate these attosecond X-ray pulses. We are even hoping to generate pulses below 60 attoseconds by using heavier materials with shorter lifespans, such as tungsten or hafnium. These new X-ray pulses are fast enough to eventually enable scientists to answer questions such as how exactly an electron cloud moves around and what a chemical bond actually is. The findings have been published in the journal Nature.

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

Delphine Demange et les compilateurs

17 octobre 2025 à 08:22

Cette année, la date de la journée Ada Lovelace, une journée dont l’objectif est d’accroître la visibilité des contributions des femmes dans les domaines scientifiques, technologiques, mathématiques et ingénierie (STEM), est le 15 octobre 2025.

Pour l’occasion, en 2023, LinuxFr avait consacré une dépêche à Lorinda Cherry, Evi Nemeth et Jude Milhon. En 2024, cela avait donné lieu à une mini-série sur la participation des femmes à la conquête de l’espace. Cette année, on se penchera sur les compilateurs, créés par Grace Hopper, et qui ont valu à Frances Allen un prix Turing en 2006 et on dressera le portrait de Delphine Demange, lauréate du prix Gilles Kahn 2013.

Bandeau Journée Ada Lovelace, la photo vectorisée d’Ada sur fond d’un de ses manuscrits dans des tons sépia

Sommaire

Qu’est-ce qu’un compilateur ?

La naissance des compilateurs

Le premier compilateur, il s’appelait « translator » (traducteur) à l’époque, a été inventé par Grace Murray Hopper pour l’UNIVAC 1 en 1951, l’A-O System. Soit après la sortie de l’IBM 604 (1948), avant celle de l’IBM 650 (1954) et un peu avant le FORTRAN, langage compilé, créé vers 1953 par John Backus pour l’IBM 701 et lancé en 1957. La même année où IBM embauche Frances Allen pour former des scientifiques et des ingénieurs réticents à l’utilisation du langage. Elle sera, en 2006, la première femme à obtenir un prix Turing. Elle raconte, dans les Annals of History of Computing (Volume 6, N°1, janvier 1984) que :

L’une des façons dont le laboratoire de recherche a convaincu les gens à utiliser ce langage a été d’imposer son utilisation via un règlement.

Elle ajoutera :

le compilateur FORTRAN a établi la norme en matière d’efficacité du code objet. Mais surtout, il a démontré la faisabilité de l’utilisation des langages de haut niveau. Lorsque j’ai enseigné le FORTRAN en 1957, l’utilisation de ce langage a rencontré une forte résistance. Cette résistance a rapidement été érodée par le type de code produit par le compilateur.

John Backus, qui trouvait par ailleurs que Grace Murray Hopper était difficile à égaler, détaillait dans ces mêmes annales les auteurs et l’autrice du compilateur. Peter Sheridan avait écrit la section 1 qui analysait les expressions algébriques, les traduisait en code et optimisait ce code. Pour la section 2, Harlan Herrick avait inventé l’instruction DO, rédigé : « la partie de la section 1 qui regroupe toutes les informations sources non utilisées dans les expressions algébriques dans des tableaux nécessaires aux sections suivantes. ».

C’est également à Herrick que l’on doit l’introduction des mots clés GO TO ! Roy Nutt a conçu la majeure partie du langage d’entrée/sortie et rédigé la partie de la section 1 qui traduisait les instructions d’E/S en boucles DO. Il a également rédigé la section 6, qui assemblait le programme symbolique final et complétait le traitement des instructions d’E/S. C’est également à Nutt que l’on doit l’introduction de l’instruction FORMAT. Bob Nelson et Irv Ziller ont rédigé la section 2, qui s’est avérée être la plus grande section du compilateur. Elle analysait les références aux tableaux dans les boucles DO et produisait un code hautement optimisé pour le reste du programme source. Leur travail a eu un impact important sur le niveau global d’optimisation que j’ai mentionné précédemment. Dick Goldberg a rédigé la section 3, qui rassemblait le code compilé par les sections 1 et 2 et produisait d'autres informations nécessaires aux sections suivantes. Les gens continuaient à se concerter et à demander aux auteurs des sections précédentes de produire un peu plus, quelques tableaux supplémentaires dont ils avaient finalement besoin. Dick a également joué un rôle important dans le débogage de la section 5. Lois Haibt (en) a rédigé la section 4, qui effectuait une analyse statistique de la fréquence d'exécution […] Ici, la section 4 a également préparé de nombreux tableaux pour la section 5, si je comprends bien. Sheldon Best a écrit la section 5, qui a converti le programme utilisant de nombreux registres d'index en un programme en utilisant trois. Ses méthodes ont eu un impact considérable sur les travaux ultérieurs dans ce domaine et ont eu un effet majeur sur le niveau d'optimisation du compilateur. Enfin, David Sayre a rédigé un manuel du programmeur exceptionnellement clair et concis et a aidé Dick Goldberg à déboguer la section 5.

Structure d’un compilateur : 1 déclarations identifieur et traducteur, 2  analyse indice et déclaration DO, 3 Interface entre 1 et 4, 4 anlyseur de flux de contrôle, 5 allocateur de registre global, 6 assemblage final
Schéma de la structure du compilateur de l’ordinateur IBM 704 adapté de celui fait par Frances Allen dans les « Annals of History of Computing », Volume 6, N°1, janvier 1984 (page 24).

De leur côté, les Soviétiques, qui fabriquaient aussi des ordinateurs, utilisaient également des compilateurs. Dans son article sur les ordinateurs soviétiques, Yves Logé rapporte qu’ils utilisaient, en 1955, les langages de compilation : PP2 – PP et BESM. Le BESM étant un ordinateur sorti en 1953. La fondatrice de la programmation théorique en Ukraine, Katerina Yushchenko (en), y a fort probablement contribué.

À quoi ça sert ?

En août 2001, dans un entretien (en) avec Janet Abbate qui lui demandait comment elle définirait une compilateur, Frances Allen répondait :

Je pense qu’un compilateur sert à traduire ce que l’utilisateur de l’application […] demande […] à la machine de manière à obtenir la bonne réponse, mais aussi à utiliser au mieux les ressources de la machine. C’est ça, l’optimisation. On peut se contenter de transposer les choses sans tirer parti des registres et de nombreuses autres unités de calcul, mais cela ne serait pas aussi efficace. L’optimisation consiste donc à tirer parti des ressources de la machine et à très bien connaître cette dernière. C’est en quelque sorte combler un fossé, afin que l’utilisateur n’ait pas besoin de tout savoir !

Plus généralement, un compilateur est décrit comme un programme dans un langage de haut niveau qui traduit le code-source en code objet pour le rendre exécutable en détectant les erreurs et en l’optimisant par la même occasion.

Schéma d’un compilateur
Le code source est envoyé au compilateur qui le traduit en langage machine.

Les compilateurs sont des outils essentiels et très complexes qui interviennent dans tous les programmes, notamment des logiciels très critiques :

Par exemple, les programmes embarqués dans les systèmes bancaires, dans les systèmes de contrôle de vol des avions, ou même dans la chirurgie assistée par ordinateur ou les centrales nucléaires […] : la présence d’erreur durant leur exécution pourrait avoir des conséquences désastreuses, que ce soit en termes de vies humaines, de dégâts écologiques, ou de coût financier. (Delphine Demange, Semantic foundations of intermediate program representations, Thèse soutenue le 19 octobre 2012.)

Comment ça marche ?

Réponse rapide : avec beaucoup de mathématiques. Réponse un peu plus détaillée : à partir de différents types d’analyses après une phase de pré-traitement qui permet de déterminer comment traiter les informations.

  1. L’analyse lexicale : découpe le code en unités lexicales ou « tokens » qui va pouvoir traiter par la suite. Ce faisant le compilateur sépare les différents types d’éléments : variables, opérateurs, séparateurs, mots-clés, etc.
  2. L’analyse syntaxique : vérifie que le programme source ne contient pas d’erreur de syntaxe et que le code source est correct et, évidemment le compilateur signale les erreurs qu’il a pu trouver à ce stade.
  3. L’analyse sémantique : après la syntaxe, c’est le sens du code qui est examiné. Le compilateur va ainsi vérifier s’il y a des erreurs de logique, passant, que le code fait bien ce qu’il est censé faire. À ce stade, le compilateur va aussi signaler les erreurs, voire, rejeter un code incorrect.
  4. L’optimisation : permet de nettoyer le code pour le rendre plus rapide à exécuter. À l’heure actuelle avec des processus très gourmands en ressources, c’est une étape-clé, ça n’a pas toujours été forcément le cas.
  5. La génération du code final : c’est la dernière phase dont le résultat est le code exécutable.

Delphine Demange : comment vérifier que les compilateurs font leur travail correctement

Parcours

Delphine Demande entre en licence d’informatique à l’université de Rennes 1 en 2004. Elle y obtiendra un magistère Informatique et télécommunications en 2006 puis fera le mastère de recherche en informatique de la même université en 2008. Elle achèvera cette partie de ses études par un stage de master à l’IRISA (équipe Celtique), en vérification de programme. Au bout des cinq mois de stage, en 2009, elle s’inscrira en thèse. Une thèse, Fondements sémantiques des représentations intermédiaires de programmes (en), soutenue en 2012 et qui lui vaudra le prix de thèse Gilles Kahn 2013 de la SIF, et qui porte sur :

la vérification formelle de logiciel, c’est-à-dire à l’ensemble des techniques et d’outils scientifiques qui permettent d’assurer qu’un logiciel remplit ces exigences [de qualité des systèmes critiques]. (Résumé étendu de sa thèse).

Elle part ensuite pour les USA, à l’Université de Pennsylvanie pour une année de post-doctorat. Là, elle travaillera sur un projet alliant vérification et sécurité. De retour en France, elle passe des concours. Elle est, depuis 2013, maîtresse de conférence à l’université Rennes 1.

En février 2024, elle donnait un cours au Collège de France : Représentations intermédiaires pour la compilation : s’affranchir du graphe de flot de contrôle.

On peut retrouver ses communications et articles ainsi que sa thèse, toutes en anglais, sur HAL science ouverte.

La vérification des logiciels

Comme elle le dit en résumé de sa thèse :

Nos vies quotidiennes dépendent de plus en plus, sans même parfois que nous nous en rendions compte, de l’utilisation de programmes informatiques. Ces programmes n’ont toutefois pas tous le même niveau de criticité. Par exemple, les programmes embarqués dans les systèmes bancaires, dans les systèmes de contrôle de vol des avions, ou même dans la chirurgie assistée par ordinateur ou les centrales nucléaires sont appelés systèmes critiques : la présence d’erreur durant leur exécution pourrait avoir des conséquences désastreuses, que ce soit en termes de vies humaines, de dégâts écologiques, ou de coût financier. Ce type de programme requiert donc de fortes garanties : leur exécution ne devrait pas échouer, et leur correction fonctionnelle devrait être garantie.

Elle ajoute plus loin que les compilateurs étant des logiciels, ils sont à leur tour susceptibles d’avoir des bugs comme n’importe quel autre programme. Il est donc nécessaire qu’ils répondent aux mêmes exigences infaillibilité que les systèmes critiques sur lesquels ils travaillent.

Dans un entretien accordé au site de l’université de Rennes en 2014, elle précise que son travail a pour but final :

d’assurer, par une preuve mathématique et assistée par ordinateur, que les compilateurs compilent correctement les programmes (i.e. ils n’ajoutent pas de nouveaux comportements aux programmes), et que les vérifieurs calculent des propriétés sur des modèles corrects des programmes (si le modèle du programme ne comporte pas d’erreur, alors le programme d’origine n’en comporte pas non plus).

Ses travaux de thèse portant les représentations intermédiaires (IR) des programmes sur lesquels travaillent les compilateurs et vérificateurs. Ces IR simplifient les analyses de ces outils qui peuvent analyser des programmes très complexes. Elle continue, depuis, ses recherches dans le même domaine avec :

la vérification des techniques de compilation optimisantes pour les langages de haut-niveau, en y incluant les aspects les plus difficiles des langages modernes, comme la gestion de la mémoire, la concurrence et les modèles de mémoire faibles. (entretien, Université de Rennes).

Tout cela demande beaucoup de mathématique, parfait pour quelqu’un qui a hésité entre les maths et l’informatique.

Quelques autres sources d’information

Sur les compilateurs, internet est bien pourvu en ressources en français sur le sujet, par exemple :

— Compilation informatique : définition concrète et rôle, Journal du net, 2016,
— Comment fonctionnent les compilateurs, IBM, [sd],
— Qu’est-ce qu’une conception de compilateur ? Types, outils de construction, exemple, Kaia Céruléen, GURU99, [septembre 2025 ?],
— Cours de compilation, [sd],
— Compilation, pdf à télécharger,
— Langages de programmation et compilation, Jean-Christophe Filliâtre, septembre 2016,
— Représentations intermédiaires pour la compilation : s’affranchir du graphe de flot de contrôle, cours au Collège de France, 15 février 2024
— Fondements sémantiques des représentations intermédiaires de programmes, thèse, en anglais, de Delphine Demange.

Sinon on peut aussi lire ou relire l’hommage à France Allen sur LinuxFr. Il y a aussi, en anglais, cet article Early Computers and Computing Institutions (en) qui raconte les débuts de FORTRAN. C’est très intéressant. Mais il faut soit l’acheter (15,50 dollars pour les membres ou 30 dollars pour les non-membres) ou faire partie d’une structure adhérente.

Questions et remerciements

Compte de tenu de l’importance des compilateurs, la question se pose de la raison pour laquelle la personne qui a été à l’origine du premier compilateur et du COBOL, Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992) n’a pas reçu le prix Turing pourtant créé de son vivant, en 1966, et à une époque où elle était encore active. Le récipiendaire du prix Turing 1966 ayant d’ailleurs été Alan J. Perlis pour la construction de compilateurs.

Question complémentaire, pourquoi France Allen n’a reçu son prix Turing qu’en 2006 « pour ses contributions pionnières à la théorie et à la pratique des techniques utilisés par les compilateurs optimiseurs qui ont jeté les bases des compilateurs optimiseurs modernes et de l’exécution parallèle automatique. » Frances (“Fran“) Elizabeth Allen. A.M. Turing Award 2006 (en), alors qu’elle avait pris sa retraite depuis 2002. Elle reste toujours aussi importante : un de ses textes de 1970 fait partie de la bibliographie de la thèse de Delphine Demande.

Dernière question, dans son discours de remise du prix Turing en 2007, Frances Allen disait qu’après une phase de stagnation des compilateurs, on devrait avoir une phase de progrès significatifs dans le domaine. Est-ce que vous avez une idée de ce à quoi elle aurait pu penser ?

Un très grand merci à vmagnin pour son aide et les documents qu’il m’a envoyés pour m’aider à rédiger cette dépêche.

Commentaires : voir le flux Atom ouvrir dans le navigateur

Scientists Create New Form of Ice, Known As Ice XXI

Par :BeauHD
17 octobre 2025 à 07:00
fahrbot-bot shares a report from Popular Mechanics: [I]n a new study published in the journal Nature Materials, scientists from the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) have now found yet another phase, appropriately named Ice XXI. At the heart of the experiment, scientists used diamond anvil cells (DACs) -- a common device used in materials science for squeezing samples under immense pressure -- to subject water to 2 gigapascals (20,000 times higher than normal atmosphere) of pressure in just 10 milliseconds. The scientists call this kind of water "supercompressed," and it's metastable, meaning it persists for a time even when another form of ice would be more stable. And because of the immense pressure, ice forms at room temperature but the molecules are much more densely packed. "Rapid compression of water allows it to remain liquid up to higher pressures, where it should have already crystallized to ice VI," Geun Woo Lee, a co-author of the study from RISS, said in a press statement. "The structure in which liquid H2O crystallizes depends on the degree of supercompression of the liquid."

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

Reçu avant avant-hier

Why GPS Fails In Cities. And What Researchers Think Could Fix It

13 octobre 2025 à 02:40
ScienceDaily reports: Our everyday GPS struggles in "urban canyons," where skyscrapers bounce satellite signals, confusing even advanced navigation systems. Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) scientists created SmartNav, combining satellite corrections, wave analysis, and Google's 3D building data for remarkable precision. Their method achieved accuracy within 10 centimeters during testing [90% of the time]. The breakthrough could make reliable urban navigation accessible and affordable worldwide... "Cities are brutal for satellite navigation," explained Ardeshir Mohamadi. Mohamadi, a doctoral fellow at NTNU, is researching how to make affordable GPS receivers (like those found in smartphones and fitness watches) much more precise without depending on expensive external correction services.

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

He Was Expected To Get Alzheimer's 25 Years Ago. Why Hasn't He?

Par :msmash
9 octobre 2025 à 20:42
Doug Whitney carries a genetic mutation that guaranteed he would develop Alzheimer's disease in his late forties or early fifties. His mother and nine of her thirteen siblings died from the disease. His oldest brother died at 45. The mutation has decimated his family for generations. Whitney is now 76 and remains cognitively healthy. The New York Times has a fascinating long read on Whitney and things happening around him. Scientists at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have studied Whitney for 14 years. They extract his cerebrospinal fluid and conduct brain scans during his periodic visits from Washington State. His brain contains heavy amyloid deposits but almost no tau tangles in regions associated with dementia. Tau accumulation correlates directly with cognitive decline. Whitney accumulated tau only in his left occipital lobe, an area that does not play a major role in Alzheimer's. Researchers identified several possibly protective factors in Whitney's biology. His immune system produces a lower inflammatory response than other mutation carriers. He has unusually high levels of heat shock proteins, which prevent proteins from misfolding. Scientists believe his decade working in Navy engine rooms at temperatures reaching 110 degrees may have driven this accumulation. He also carries three gene variants his afflicted relatives lack. His son Brian inherited the mutation and remains asymptomatic at 43. Brian received anti-amyloid drugs in clinical trials. Researchers published their findings on Whitney in Nature Medicine. They described the study as a call for other scientists to help solve the case.

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

The World's Biggest Citizen Science Project

Par :BeauHD
9 octobre 2025 à 07:00
eBird, now the world's largest citizen science project with over 2 billion bird observations, is transforming ornithology by turning casual birders (and even TikTok-using kids) into vital contributors to global research and conservation. Slashdot reader alternative_right shares a report from Phys.org: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology has been one of the most influential organizations in the world when it comes to encouraging people to engage in natural history projects. While some form of amateur involvement in science projects has been around since 1900, when the Audubon Society organized the first Christmas Bird Count, it was the Cornell Lab that formalized citizen science as a sound and reliable means of collecting data on birds. It didn't take much thought to realize that one of the richest sources of information about birds resided in the notebooks virtually every birder has kept, often from childhood. It's a given that birdwatchers list everything. The problem is that zillions of such notebooks sit forgotten in drawers or in dusty boxes in the attic. If only all of that information could be gathered together, organized in sensible ways and then made available to anyone who wanted to use it. What a resource that would be! After lots of trials and discussion, a small team at the Lab came up with the idea of eBird. It started in a humble way back in 2002, as simply somewhere birders could store their records in a central location. Today, "humble" is no longer an appropriate description. In 2022, its 20th anniversary year, a total of more than 1.3 billion records had been received from more than 820,000 participants. In the month of August this year, reports eBird, 123,000 birders submitted 1.6 million lists of sightings. It has now hit a total of 2 billion bird observations since inception.

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded To Architects of Metal-Organic Frameworks

Par :msmash
8 octobre 2025 à 19:25
Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar M. Yaghi were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry on Wednesday for the development of molecular building blocks with spaces large enough that gases and other chemicals can flow through them. The New York Times: The cavities on the inside are "almost like rooms in a hotel, so that guest molecules can enter and also exit again from the same material," Heiner Linke, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, said during the announcement of the award. The laureates' discoveries, he added, pave the way for the creation of materials that can separate toxic chemicals from wastewater or harvest water molecules in a desert. The laureates' work started with experiments by Dr. Robson in the 1980s and gradually developed over a period of about 15 years. "It takes time for science to be recognized, and it takes multiple workers in the field with different approaches," said Dorothy Phillips, president of the American Chemical Society. The three laureates will share a prize of 11 million Swedish kronor, or around $1.17 million.

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

Nobel Prize in Physics Is Awarded for Work in Quantum Mechanics

Par :msmash
7 octobre 2025 à 14:41
The New York Times: John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics on Tuesday in Sweden for showing that two properties of quantum mechanics, the physical laws that rule the subatomic realm, could be observed on a system large enough to see with the naked eye. They will share a prize of 11 million Swedish kroner, or around $1.17 million. "There is no advanced technology today that does not rely on quantum mechanics," Olle Eriksson, chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics, said during the announcement of the award. The laureates' discoveries, he added, paved the way for technologies like the cellphone, cameras and fiber optic cables. It also helped lay the groundwork for current attempts to build a quantum computer, a device that could compute and process information at speeds that would not be possible with classical computer. Martinis worked at Google from 2014 to 2020 to build a quantum computer and led the quantum supremacy experiment in 2019. Devoret is cited in Google's recent breakthrough where its Willow quantum chip solved a problem in five minutes that the world's most advanced supercomputer could never solve. The three laureates conducted experiments with electrical circuits that demonstrated quantum mechanical tunneling and quantized energy levels in systems large enough to hold in the hand. Clarke is a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Devoret joined his research group in the 1980s and is now at Yale University and UC Santa Barbara. Martinis also joined the group in the 1980s and is currently at UC Santa Barbara and co-founded Qolab, a startup developing utility-scale superconducting quantum computers.

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

Immune System Research Earns Nobel Prize for Brunkow, Ramsdell and Sakaguchi

Par :msmash
6 octobre 2025 à 14:42
Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Monday for their discoveries about how the immune system regulates itself. The three researchers split 11 million Swedish kroner ($1.17 million). Their work identified regulatory T cells and the FOXP3 gene that controls them. Dr. Sakaguchi spent more than a decade solving a puzzle about the thymus. He discovered that the immune system has a backup mechanism to stop harmful cells from attacking the body's own tissues. Dr. Brunkow and Dr. Ramsdell found the specific gene responsible for this process while studying mice that developed severe autoimmune disease. More than 200 clinical trials are now underway based on their research. Cancers attract regulatory T cells to block immune attacks. Researchers are developing drugs to turn the immune system against these cancer cells. In autoimmune diseases, regulatory T cells are missing or defective. The FOXP3 gene provides a starting point for drugs that teach the immune system to stop attacking itself.

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

Why Do Women Outlive Men? A Study of 1,176 Species Points to an Answer

4 octobre 2025 à 18:49
An anonymous reader shared this report from the Washington Post: Women tend to live longer than men. There are traditional explanations: Men smoke more. They drink more. They tend to engage in riskier behavior. But the fact that this lifespan gap holds true regardless of country or century indicates something deeper is also at play. A growing body of evidence suggests that women's relative longevity may derive, in part, from having double X chromosomes, a redundancy that protects them against harmful mutations. That theory was further bolstered Wednesday with the publication of the most sweeping analysis to date of the lifespan differences between males and females in more than 1,000 mammal and bird species... If a baby has a pair of X chromosomes, she's a girl. If the baby inherits an X chromosome and a Y chromosome, he's a boy. In birds, however, the situation is reversed. Female birds have a pair of unlike sex chromosomes while males have the like pair... For their study, Colchero, Staerk and their colleagues collected data on the lifespans of 528 mammal species and 648 bird species kept in zoos. The team found that most other mammals are like humans, with the females of nearly three-fourths of mammal species outliving their male counterparts. But in birds, 68 percent of species studied showed a bias toward male longevity, as expected from their chromosomal makeup.

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

Jane Goodall, Famed Primatologist and Conservationist, Dies At 91

Par :BeauHD
1 octobre 2025 à 21:20
Jane Goodall, world-renowned primatologist, anthropologist, and conservationist, has died at the age of 91 while on a speaking tour in California. The British primatologist's "discoveries as an ethologist revolutionized science, and she was a tireless advocate for the protection and restoration of our natural world," according to the institute she founded. From a report: Goodall was only 26 years old when she first traveled to Tanzania and began her important research on chimpanzees in the wild. Throughout her study of the species, Goodall proved that primates display an array of similar behaviors to humans, such as the ability to develop individual personalities and make and use their own tools. Among the most surprising discoveries Goodall made was "how like us" the chimpanzees are, she told ABC News in 2020. "Their behavior, with their gestures, kissing, embracing, holding hands and patting on the back," she said. "... The fact that they can actually be violent and brutal and have a kind of war, but also loving an altruistic." That discovery is considered one of the great achievements of 20th-century scholarship, according to the Jane Goodall Institute. [...] Goodall's research garnered both scientific honors and mainstream fame, and she was credited with paving the way for a rise in women pursuing careers in STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) over the years. The number of women in STEM has increased from 7% to 26% in the six last decades, according to The Jane Goodall Institute, which cited census information from 1970 to 2011. In 1991, she also founded Roots & Shoots, a global humanitarian and environmental program for young people. She was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace in April 2002. The anthropologist continued to lend her voice to environmental causes well into her 80s and 90s. In 2019, Goodall acknowledged the climate crisis and the importance of mitigating further warming, telling ABC News that the planet is "imperiled." "We are definitely at a point where we need to make something happen," she said. "We are imperiled. We have a window of time. I'm fairly sure we do. But, we've got to take action." Goodall even partnered with Apple in 2022 to encourage customers to recycle their devices to reduce individual carbon footprint and cut down on unnecessary mineral mining around the world. "Yes, people need to make money, but it is possible to make money without destroying the planet," Goodall told ABC News at the time. "We've gone so far in destroying the planet that it's shocking."

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

Scientists Make Embryos From Human Skin DNA For First Time

Par :BeauHD
1 octobre 2025 à 03:30
An anonymous reader quotes a report from the BBC: US scientists have, for the first time, made early-stage human embryos by manipulating DNA taken from people's skin cells and then fertilizing it with sperm. The technique could overcome infertility due to old age or disease, by using almost any cell in the body as the starting point for life. It could even allow same-sex couples to have a genetically related child. [...] The Oregon Health and Science University research team's technique takes the nucleus -- which houses a copy of the entire genetic code needed to build the body -- out of a skin cell. This is then placed inside a donor egg that has been stripped of its genetic instructions. So far, the technique is like the one used to create Dolly the Sheep -- the world's first cloned mammal -- born back in 1996. However, this egg is not ready to be fertilized by sperm as it already contains a full suite of chromosomes. You inherit 23 of these bundles of DNA from each of your parents for a total of 46, which the egg already has. So the next stage is to persuade the egg to discard half of its chromosomes in a process the researchers have termed "mitomeiosis" (the word is a fusion of mitosis and meiosis, the two ways cells divide). The study, published in the journal Nature Communications, showed 82 functional eggs were made. These were fertilized with sperm and some progressed onto the early stages of embryos development. None were developed beyond the six-day-stage. The technique is far from polished as the egg randomly chooses which chromosomes to discard. It needs to end up with one of each of the 23 types to prevent disease, but ends up with two of some and none of others. There is also a poor success rate (around 9%) and the chromosomes miss an important process where they rearrange their DNA, called crossing over. Prof Mitalipov, a world-renowned pioneer in the field, told me: "We have to perfect it. "Eventually, I think that's where the future will go because there are more and more patients that cannot have children."

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Microplastics Could Be Weakening Your Bones, Research Suggests

Par :msmash
29 septembre 2025 à 18:18
A review of 62 scientific studies published in Osteoporosis International found that microplastics weaken bones by disrupting bone marrow stem cells and stimulating osteoclasts, cells that degrade bone tissue. Laboratory experiments found the particles reduce cell viability, induce premature cellular aging, modify gene expression, and trigger inflammatory responses. Animal studies found microplastic accumulation decreases white blood cell counts and deteriorates bone microstructure, creating irregular cell structures that increase fracture risk. Rodrigo Bueno de Oliveira from the State University of Campinas in Brazil said the effects interrupted skeletal growth in test animals.

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Wall Street Journal Decries 'The Rise of Conspiracy Physics'

28 septembre 2025 à 23:59
"The internet is full of people claiming to uncover conspiracies in politics and business..." reports the Wall Street Journal. "Now an unlikely new villain has been added to the list: theoretical physicists," they write, saygin resentment of scientific authority figures "is the major attraction of what might be called 'conspiracy physics'." In recent years, a group of YouTubers and podcasters have attracted millions of viewers by proclaiming that physics is in crisis. The field, they argue, has discovered little of importance in the last 50 years, because it is dominated by groupthink and silences anyone who dares to dissent from mainstream ideas, like string theory... Most fringe theories are too arcane for listeners to understand, but anyone can grasp the idea that academic physics is just one more corrupt and self-serving establishment... In this corner of the internet, the scientist Scott Aaronson has written, "Anyone perceived as the 'mainstream establishment' faces a near-insurmountable burden of proof, while anyone perceived as 'renegade' wins by default if they identify any hole whatsoever in mainstream understanding... As with other kinds of authorities, there are reasonable criticisms to be made of academic physics. By some metrics, scientific productivity has slowed since the 1970s. String theory has not fulfilled physicists' early dreams that it would become the ultimate explanation of all forces and matter in our universe. The Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest particle accelerator, has delivered fewer breakthroughs than scientists expected when it turned on in 2010. But even reasonable points become hard to recognize when expressed in the ways YouTube incentivizes. Conspiracy physics videos with titles like "They Just Keep Lying" are full of sour sarcasm, outraged facial expressions and spooky music... Leonard Susskind, director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, says physicists need to be both more sober and more forceful when addressing the public. The limits of string theory should be acknowledged, he says, but the idea that progress has slowed isn't right. In the last few decades, he and other physicists have figured out how to make progress on the vast project of integrating general relativity and quantum mechanics, the century-old pillars of physics, into a single explanation of the universe. The bitter attacks on leading physicists get a succinct summary in the article from Chris Williamson, a "Love Island" contestant turned podcast host. "This is like 'The Kardashians' for physicists — I love it."

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Million-Year-Old Skull Rewrites Human Evolution, Scientists Claim

28 septembre 2025 à 15:34
The BBC reports that a million-year-old human skull found in China suggests that the human species "began to emerge at least half a million years earlier than we thought, researchers are claiming in a new study." It also shows that we co-existed with other sister species, including Neanderthals, for much longer than we've come to believe, they say. The scientists claim their analysis "totally changes" our understanding of human evolution and, if correct, it would certainly rewrite a key early chapter in our history. But other experts in a field where disagreement over our emergence on the planet is rife, say that the new study's conclusions are plausible but far from certain. The discovery, published in the leading scientific journal Science, shocked the research team, which included scientists from a university in China and the UK's Natural History Museum. "From the very beginning, when we got the result, we thought it was unbelievable. How could that be so deep into the past?" said Prof Xijun Ni of Fudan University, who co-led the analysis. "But we tested it again and again to test all the models, use all the methods, and we are now confident about the result, and we're actually very excited." Thanks to long-time Slashdot reader sinij for sharing the article.

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Experimental Gene Therapy Found To Slow Huntington's Disease Progression

Par :BeauHD
25 septembre 2025 à 07:00
Doctors report the first successful treatment for Huntington's disease using a new type of gene therapy given during 12 to 18 hours of delicate brain surgery. The BBC reports: An emotional research team became tearful as they described how data shows the disease was slowed by 75% in patients. It means the decline you would normally expect in one year would take four years after treatment, giving patients decades of "good quality life", Prof Sarah Tabrizi told BBC News. The first symptoms of Huntington's disease tend to appear in your 30s or 40s and is normally fatal within two decades -- opening the possibility that earlier treatment could prevent symptoms from ever emerging. None of the patients who have been treated are being identified, but one was medically retired and has returned to work. Others in the trial are still walking despite being expected to need a wheelchair. Treatment is likely to be very expensive. However, this is a moment of real hope in a disease that hits people in their prime and devastates families. [...] It starts with a safe virus that has been altered to contain a specially designed sequence of DNA. This is infused deep into the brain using real-time MRI scanning to guide a microcatheter to two brain regions - the caudate nucleus and the putamen. This takes 12 to 18 hours of neurosurgery. The virus then acts like a microscopic postman -- delivering the new piece of DNA inside brain cells, where it becomes active. This turns the neurons into a factory for making the therapy to avert their own death. The cells produce a small fragment of genetic material (called microRNA) that is designed to intercept and disable the instructions (called messenger RNA) being sent from the cells' DNA for building mutant huntingtin. This results in lower levels of mutant huntingtin in the brain. [...] The data showed that three years after surgery there was an average 75% slowing of the disease based on a measure which combines cognition, motor function and the ability to manage in daily life. The data also shows the treatment is saving brain cells. Levels of neurofilaments in spinal fluid -- a clear sign of brain cells dying -- should have increased by a third if the disease continued to progress, but was actually lower than at the start of the trial.

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Tiny New Lenses, Smaller Than a Hair, Could Transform Phone and Drone Cameras

Par :BeauHD
23 septembre 2025 à 10:00
alternative_right shares a report from ScienceDaily: Scientists have developed a new multi-layered metalens design that could revolutionize portable optics in devices like phones, drones, and satellites. By stacking metamaterial layers instead of relying on a single one, the team overcame fundamental limits in focusing multiple wavelengths of light. Their algorithm-driven approach produced intricate nanostructures shaped like clovers, propellers, and squares, enabling improved performance, scalability, and polarization independence. [...] Mr Joshua Jordaan, from the Research School of Physics at the Australian National University and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), said the ability to make metalenses to collect a lot of light will be a boon for future portable imaging systems. "The metalenses we have designed would be ideal for drones or earth-observation satellites, as we've tried to make them as small and light as possible," he said. The findings have been published in the journal Optics Express.

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Study Links Microplastic Exposure to Alzheimer's Disease in Mice

20 septembre 2025 à 15:34
Micro- and nanoplastic particles "infiltrate all systems of the body, including the brain," notes the University of Rhode Island, "where they can accumulate and trigger Alzheimer's-like conditions, according to a new study by researchers in the University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy." ScienceDaily shares the announcement: After a previous study that showed how microplastics can infiltrate all systems of the body — including the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from harmful substances as small as viruses and bacteria — University of Rhode Island pharmacy assistant professor Jaime Ross expanded the study to determine the brain health impacts of the plastic toxins. Her findings indicate that the accumulation of micro- and nanoplastics in the brain can lead to cognitive decline and even Alzheimer's disease, especially in those who carry genetic risk factors. Ross' latest study, published recently in the journal Environmental Research Communications, examined mice that had been genetically modified to include the naturally occurring gene APOE4, a strong indicator of Alzheimer's risk making people 3.5 times more likely to develop the disease than those who carry the APOE3 variant of the gene that is passed from parents to offspring... Ross and her team exposed two groups of mice — one with the APOE4 variant and one with APOE3 — to micro- and nanoplastics in their drinking water over a period of three weeks. The tiny particles from polystyrene — among the most abundant plastics in the world, found in Styrofoam take-out containers, plastic cups and more — infiltrated the mice' organs, including the brain, as expected... Ross' team then ran the mice through a series of tests to examine their cognitive ability, beginning with an open-field test, in which researchers put a mouse in a chamber and allow it to explore at will for 90 minutes. Ordinarily, a mouse will hug the walls, naturally attempting to hide from potential predators. However, after microplastic exposure, the APOE4 mice — especially the male mice — tended to wander more in the middle of the chamber and spend time in open space, leaving themselves vulnerable to predators... The results are concerning enough to warrant further study into the cognitive decline caused by exposure to micro- and nanoplastics, which are among the most prominent environmental toxins to which people are routinely exposed... Ross is continuing to expand her research into the topic and encourages others to do so, in the hope of leading to better regulation of the toxins.

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